Electrophotographic layer cleaning process and apparatus

ABSTRACT

An electrophotographic element is cleaned of residual toner by providing a cleaning means such as a rotating brush in contact with the element or an airblast to remove residual toner particles from the element while also providing means such as a fluorescent lamp to concurrently illuminate the portion of the element being cleaned.

United States Patent [72] Inventors Francis R. Clarke;

Clifford E. Herrick, Jr., both oi Lexington, Ky.

[2!] Appl. No. 825,910

[22] Filed May 19,1969

[45] Patented Oct. 26, I971 [73 Assignee International Business Machines Corporation Armonk, N.Y.

[54] ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC LAYER CLEANING PROCESS AND APPARATUS 8 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs. [52] U.S.Cl 134/1, l5/l.5, 134/9, 134/37, 317/2 R, 317/4, 355/15 [5 I] Int. Cl 603g 13/00, 003 l5/00 [50] FleldoiSearch l34/l,6,9,

37; I5/l.5, 306, 306 A, 307, 308, 309; 313/63; 317/2 A, 2 C, 4; 250/49.5 GC, 49.5 ZC, 49.5 TC; 355/15 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,047,718 7/l962 Fleming et al. 3 I 7/4 X 3,062,l l0 ll/l962 Shepardson et al.... 355/]! 3,382,360 5/1968 Young et al. 3 I 7/2 X 3,396,308 8/l968 Whltmore 3 I 7/4 3,404,418 l0/l968 Fantuzzo l5/l.5

Primary Examiner- Morris 0. Wolk Assistant Examiner-D. G. Millman Auomeys-Hanifin & Jancin and David M, Bunnell ABSTRACT: An electrophotographic element is cleaned of residual toner by providing a cleaning means such as a rotating brush in contact with the element or an airblast to remove residual toner particles from the element while also providing means such as a fluorescent lamp to concurrently illuminate the portion of the element being cleaned.

v PATENTEUUET 26 I9?! FIG. 1

FIG. 2

HJLI TZ IN VENTORS.

FRANCIS R. CLARKE CLIFFORD E. HERRICK, JR.

ATTORNEY.

ELECTIOPIIOTOGRAPIIIC LAYER CLEANING PROCESS AND APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION charged by applying an electrical potential across it. The

charged photoconductive layer is then exposed imagewise to light and the electrical potential decaysin the surface areas which ai'estruck lby Iightf'The "dark:areas of the projected image retain their" electrostatic charge ,and the image is then developed by exposing the surface of the photoconductive layer to srnall charged markin'gparticles known as toner particle s. The chargedtoner particles are attracted to the charged image areas of the photoconductive layer and thereby develop the electrostatic image. The'image can then be transferred from the photoconductive layer toa copy sheet.

A number of ways are conventionally employed to develop the electrostatic image as is well known in the art. These include cascade development described, for example, in US. Pat. No. 2,618,552; powder cloud development described, for example, in US. Pat. No. 2,22l,776; and magnetic brush development described, for example," in ,U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,063, fur brush, development, donor belt development, impression development and liquid spray development. Commonly used processes in commercialcopying machines are cascade and magnetic brush development. These methods employ toner particles usually comprising aheat softenable resin binder material, for example, a natural or synthetic organic compound or polymer such styrene polymers and copolymers, epoxy resins, rosin, rosin esters, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters such as those prepared by polymerizing such monomersas methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and mixtures thereof. Various physical and chemical combinations of such polymers can also be employed. The resins are mixed with coloring matter, for example, carbon black so that axcolored image can be easily heat fused onto a copy sheet. Other additives, such as plasticizers and anticaking agents can also be employed in the toner com position.

After development, the image is transferred from the photoconductive layerto the copy sheet, such as plain paper, so that the photoconductor can be reused repeatedly to produce additional copies. conventionally, the paper is placed in contact with'the developed image on the element and the toner is transferred by an electrical charge and/or mechanical pressure applied to the paper. The paper carrying the toner image is then stripped from the photoconductor.

Because it has not been found possible to make a complete transfer of toner to the copy sheet, a portion of the toner image remains on the photoconductor surface and small amounts of finely divided toner particles also cling to the nonimage areas. If not removed, this residual image and background toner will appear on the following copies. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a cleaning station for cleaning the surface of the photoconductor prior to the next copying cycle.

A, number of ways of removing residual toner particles have been employed such as, for example, by physically contacting the surface of the photoconductor with either a renewable web of fiber material or with the bristles of a rotating cylindrical brush. and also by contacting the photoconductor surface with high velocity air. The removed particles are carried away from the cleaning station to a suitable receptacle by providing an air pressure differential. Light and/or-corona discharges can be employed to neutralize a portion of the charge on the photoconductor prior to the time that it reaches the cleaning station so that the particles are more easily removed.

Problems have been associated with the foregoing cleaning methods because the photoconductor still retains some charge particularly in the image areas which are shielded by residual toner from the corona or light. Therefore, in certain modes of operation, it is found that the photoconductor is not completely cleaned and discharged. This is particularlythe casewhere the apparatus provides a choice of different size copy sheets and the user selects a short copy sheet while exposing a larger size original. In this situation, there will be a portion of the image area which is not transferred to a-copy sheet andwhich must be cleaned from the surface of the electrophotographic element. This heavily toned image sometimes taxes the cleaning apparatus to the extent that a portion of the image remains on the surface of the plate and appears on subsequent copies. This phenomena may be caused either by normal variations in the efficiency of the cleaning action resulting in some of the residual toner not being removed from the charged image areas or, even if all the toner isinitially removed, their loose toner particles remaining at the cleaning station may redeposit on the charged image downstream from the point at which the toner is originally removed from the electrophotographic element.

A method and apparatus have now been found which eliminate the problem of residual image and which also provide for a general improvement in the cleaning of the photoconductor surface.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION the element as it is being cleaned.

An apparatus is also providedfor cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means to remove residual toner particles from the layer and means to illuminate the element as it is being cleaned.

In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a cylindrical cleaning brush comprising strips of brush material secured to a transparent core with a source of illumination mounted within the core. a

In another embodiment, a means is provided for impinging a high velocity stream of gas on the surface of the electrophotographic element along with means to illuminate the portion of the plate being contacted with the gas.

DRAWINGS broken away of an embodiment of the apparatus of the invention shown in FIG. 1 employing a lamp mounted inside of a cleaning brush which has a transparent core.

FIG. 3 is an elevational view of the cleaning brush illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a schematic side view, partially in section, of another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention employing an air knife cleaning device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Turning now to FIG. I, a typical electrophotographic copying device is schematically shown in conjunction with an embodiment of the invention. A cylindrical drum II is mounted for rotation on a shaft I0 and a photoconductive element I2 comprising photoconductive insulating layer I3 and a conductive backing layer is mounted on the outer periphery 15 of drum ll.

A variety of photoconductive materials are conventionally employed in the photoconductive insulating layer 13, for example, amorphous or vitreous selenium, selenium alloys with tellurium and arsenic, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide in a resin binder. A preferred material is an organic photoconductor comprising a l to 1 molar ratio of polymerized vinylcarbazole and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone which is disclosed and claimed in an application of Shattock and Vahtra, Ser. No. 556,982, filed June 13, 1966 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,484,237 on Dec. 15, 1969, and assigned to the assignee of this invention.

Preexposure corona unit 17 deposits an electrical charge of the desired polarity on the photoconductive material while it ismaintained in the dark. Document 19 is held in place on a transparent plane 21 and an image of the document is projected onto the surface of the photoconductive insulating layer '13 by means of an illuminated scanning station 23 and optics 25. The photoconductor is discharged at 27 in the portion struck by the light to form a charged image corresponding to document 19. The drum 11 is rotated to bring the image to developer station 29 where finely divided charged toner particles are brought into contact with the charged image on the surface of photoconductive layer l3.'The developer station can employ a variety of different developer means, as previously mentioned, for example, a cascade developer unit, powder cloud developer unit or magnetic brush developer unit. The developer station illustrated at 29 is a cascade developer unit wherein a two component developer composition is caused to move across the surface of the charged image on the photoconductive layer 13. The developer composition comprises relatively large carrier particles and relatively small heat fixable marking particles of toner as described, for example, in US. Pat. No. 2,6l8,552. The toner particles are attracted to and cling to the charged areas of the photoconductive layer 13.

At station 31 the toned image on the surface of photoconductive layer 13 is transferred to a plain paper sheet or web 33 with the assistance of a transfer corona unit 35 which charges the paper to a polarity opposite to that of the toner particles so that it will attract the toner away from the surface of the photoconductive layer 13. The paper is then stripped from the photoconductive layer and passed to a heating unit 37 which acts to fuse and fix the toner image onto the paper.

A certain proportion of the toner particles remain on the photoconductive layer as a result of the fact that transfer efficiency to the paper is less than I percent and sometimes, because the length of paper copy sheet chosen is shorter than the length of the toned image on the drum, none of the toner is transferred from some image areas.

The rotating photoconductive layer is then passed into cleaning station 39 where it is contacted by a driven cylindrical cleaning and treatment brush 41 whose length corresponds approximately to the width of photoconductive layer 13 on the drum. Brush 41 is mounted in a housing 43 and an air flow in the direction shown by the arrows is provided by a vacuum means 45 to carry off the removed toner to a filter bag 47. A knockoff bar 49 aids in removing toner particles from the brush so that the brush remains relatively free from toner particles upon extended use. Mounted inside the brush 41 on lamp support 51 and mounting bracket 53 is a cylindrical fluorescent lamp 55 (usually about 1 watt per inch) connected to a conventional electrical power source which is not shown.

it should be understood any suitable means can be used to provide radiation of the proper wave lengths to discharge the residual charge on photoconductive layer 13 as brush fibers 42 remove the toner particles. The brush and illuminated brush-holding assembly are shown in more detail in FIGS. 2 and 3. Brush 4] comprises strips 57 of fabric pile material of polytetrafluoroethylene such as is described in a copending US. application of Ray L. Dueltgen and Carl A. Queener, Ser. No. 762,952, filed Sept. 26, 1968, and assigned to the assignee of this invention. Other materials can be used for the nap of the cleaning brush such as various types of furs, for example,

beaver fur, gray fox fur, rabbit fur and fiberlike synthetic materials such as nylon, rayon or Dynel and the like. The synthetic fibers 42 are woven or knit into conventional backing layers, such as, for example, cotton or polypropylene and cemented in place at the backing layer by a coating of latex. The strips 57 may be wound and secured to a transparent core 59 of acrylic plastic. In the embodiment shown, strips 57 are wound in a helical manner so as to leave about 10 percent of the core area of transparent portions 61 between adjacent strips to permit the passage of light. Other light transmitting plastics or glass can also be employed for the core material. Other methods of winding and securing to a core can also be employed. The total amount of light reaching the photoconductor can be controlled to a useful degree by the percentage of core area left uncovered, between strips.

Brush 41 is mounted for rotation at one end by locator ring 63 and bearing 65. Lamp support 51 is mounted to frame 71 by slide 69 and clamp plate 73. Brush 41 is mounted at the other end for rotation by chuck 79 acting on plastic insert 81. Chuck 79 is driven by a drive means which is not shown. Lamp 55 is mounted to lamp holder 51 by mounting brackets 53 secured to lamp holder 51 by binding screws 83. Lamp 55 is powered by a conventional electrical power source which is not shown. Spring 85, washers 87, 89, 99 and retaining ring 97 provide means to assure that brush 41 is adjustably and tightly held for rotation between locator ring 63 and chuck 79. Horizontal adjustment of lamp holder 51 is provided by a slot 75 in slide 69 and shoulder screw 77. Housing 43 provides the proper air fiow to retain the toner, which is lifted from the surface of the photoconductive layer 13 by the brush 41 from layer'13, so that the toner is removed to filter bag 47.

The construction of the brush is shown in more detail in FIG. 3 wherein strips 57 of brush material are affixed to transparent core 59 so as to leave uncovered portions 61 to permit the light to shine through onto the photoconductor as it is being cleaned by the brush material. It should be understood that alternate ways of accomplishing the cleaning and discharge of photoconductive layer 13 can be employed and are within the scope of the invention, for example, the use of other core materials which will permit the passage of light such as opaque materials which have apertures or which are of a screenlike construction or which have slots, for example, in the area 61 between strips of brush material. The brush backing and fibers can also be made of transparent material so that the light shines through the brush material which eliminates the need to provide discontinuties in the brush fibers to permit the passage of light.

In operation, brush fibers 42 engage the photoconductive layer 13 and flick the majority of the residual toner particles from the surface of the photoconductor. Substantially concurrently, the light impinges upon the portion of the photoconductive layer 13 which is being contacted by brush 41. Layer 13 is sufficiently cleaned of residual toner by the initial contact with the brush fibers 42 so that the light reaches and discharges the photoconductive layer 13. The speed of rotation of brush 41 and the width of the area of contact or "foot print" of brush 41 on the surface of photoconductive layer 13 is such that the brush will make several rotations over each portion of layer 13-. in the absence of surface charge loose toner particles are not again electrically attracted to the photoconductor prior to their being removed to the filter bag and any residual toner particles remaining on the layer 13 after initial contact with the fiber 42 are easily removed by subsequent portions of the brush from the now discharged photoconductor.

Turning now to Figure 4, another embodiment of the invention is shown wherein an air knife 101 is employed. A high velocity stream of air is caused to impinge upon the surface of the photoconductive layer 113 and dislodge the toner particles 104. Lamp 103 is mounted such that the area of the photoconductor contacted with the airstream is illuminated and discharged so that toner particles are not again attracted electrostatically to the surface of the photoconductive layer 113 and the particles are easily removed by a suitable air pressure differential through housing 105 to a collecting container (not shown). y

it is been found that by utilizing the method and apparatus of the invention in which the photoconductor is concurrently discharged as the toner is being removed, an additional means to loosen the toner, for example, a preclean corona unit is unnecessary. The apparatus has the additional advantage of substantially completely neutralizing of the charge on the photoconductive layer between cycles without requiring the additional coronas or lights which are employed in the prior art. if the charge is not so neutralized then it may build up during the subsequent corona charging to a point where electrostatic breakdown of the photoconductive layer will occur.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

We claim:

1. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means to remove residual toner particles from a portion of said element and means to illuminate said portion of said element as it is being cleaned.

2. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising removing residual toner particles from a portion of said element and illuminating said portion of said element as it is being cleaned.

3. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means for supporting a driven brush in contact with the surface of said element, said brush comprising brush material mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said brush having mounted therein a source of illumination.

4. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising a housing, an air filter, means to maintain an air pressure differential between said housing and said filter, a cylindrical cleaning brush comprising strips of brush material secured to a transparent core, means to mount said brush for rotation within said housing, drive means for said brush, a lamp, a power source for said lamp, and means to mount said lamp within said core.

5. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising fibrous material means said material means being adapted to transmit light, means for moving said material means over and relative to said electrophotographic element, and a source of illumination mounted behind the portion of said material means moving over said electrophotographic element.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said material means is a driven cylindrical brush, said brush comprising brush material mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said source of illumination being a lamp mounted within said core.

7. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means to impinge a high velocity stream of air onto the surface of said element and means to provide visible illumination of the proper wavelengths to electrically discharge the portion of said plate being contacted by said stream of air.

8. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element of residual toner particles comprising removing said toner particles from said element while substantially simultaneously exposing the portion of said element being cleaned to visible illumination of the proper wave lengths to electrically discharge said element as said toner particles are removed.

i 1.! I! I II 

2. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising removing residual toner particles from a portion of said element and illuminating said portion of said element as it is being cleaned.
 3. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means for supporting a driven brush in contact with the surface of said element, said brush comprising brush material mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said brush having mounted therein a source of illumination.
 4. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising a housing, an air filter, means to maintain an air pressure differential between said housing and said filter, a cylindrical cleaning brush comprising strips of brush material secured to a transparent core, means to mount said brush for rotation within said housing, drive means for said brush, a lamp, a power source for said lamp, and means to moUnt said lamp within said core.
 5. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising fibrous material means, said material means being adapted to transmit light, means for moving said material means over and relative to said electrophotographic element, and a source of illumination mounted behind the portion of said material means moving over said electrophotographic element.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said material means is a driven cylindrical brush, said brush comprising brush material mounted on a core which is adapted to transmit light and said source of illumination being a lamp mounted within said core.
 7. An apparatus for cleaning an electrophotographic element comprising means to impinge a high velocity stream of air onto the surface of said element and means to provide visible illumination of the proper wavelengths to electrically discharge the portion of said plate being contacted by said stream of air.
 8. A process for cleaning an electrophotographic element of residual toner particles comprising removing said toner particles from said element while substantially simultaneously exposing the portion of said element being cleaned to visible illumination of the proper wave lengths to electrically discharge said element as said toner particles are removed. 